abstract：BACKGROUND:Chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH) is emerging as a practical, cost-effective, and valid alternative to fluorescent in situ hybridization in testing for gene alteration, especially in centers primarily working with immunohistochemistry (IHC). METHODS:We assessed Her-2/neu alteration using CISH on form...

journal_title：Breast cancer research : BCR

authors： Madrid MA,Lo RW

更新日期：2004-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The mammary gland develops as an appendage of the ectoderm. The prenatal stage of mammary development is hormone independent and is regulated by sequential and reciprocal signaling between the epithelium and the mesenchyme. A number of recent studies using human and mouse genetics, in particular targeted gene deletion...

journal_title：Breast cancer research : BCR

authors： Robinson GW

更新日期：2004-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：INTRODUCTION:Isoflavones are hypothesized to protect against breast cancer, but it is not clear whether they act as oestrogens or anti-oestrogens in breast tissue. Our aim was to determine the effects of taking a red clover-derived isoflavone supplement daily for 1 year on mammographic breast density. Effects on oestra...

journal_title：Breast cancer research : BCR

authors： Atkinson C,Warren RM,Sala E,Dowsett M,Dunning AM,Healey CS,Runswick S,Day NE,Bingham SA

更新日期：2004-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The ductal approach to breast cancer, encompassing nipple aspiration, ductal lavage and duct endoscopy, allows assessment of breast ductal epithelial cells and their local microenvironment in a graded process of increasing invasiveness. Samples of ductal epithelial cells sufficient for cytological diagnosis may be saf...

journal_title：Breast cancer research : BCR

authors： Locke I,Mitchell G,Eeles R

更新日期：2004-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：INTRODUCTION:Involution of the mammary gland is a complex process of controlled apoptosis and tissue remodelling. The aim of the project was to identify genes that are specifically involved in this process. METHODS:We used Affymetrix oligonucleotide microarrays to perform a detailed transcript analysis on the mechanis...

journal_title：Breast cancer research : BCR

authors： Stein T,Morris JS,Davies CR,Weber-Hall SJ,Duffy MA,Heath VJ,Bell AK,Ferrier RK,Sandilands GP,Gusterson BA

更新日期：2004-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The role of specific dietary factors in breast cancer causation is not completely resolved. Results from prospective studies do not support the concept that fat intake in middle life has a major relation to breast cancer risk. However, weight gain in middle life contributes substantially to breast cancer risk. Alcohol...

journal_title：Breast cancer research : BCR

authors： Holmes MD,Willett WC

更新日期：2004-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：INTRODUCTION:Compromised patterns of gene expression result in genomic instability, altered patterns of gene expression and tumour formation. Specifically, aberrant DNA hypermethylation in gene promoter regions leads to gene silencing, whereas global hypomethylation events can result in chromosomal instability and onco...

journal_title：Breast cancer research : BCR

authors： Sadikovic B,Haines TR,Butcher DT,Rodenhiser DI

更新日期：2004-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：INTRODUCTION:The ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) gene is a tumor suppressor gene with functions in cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and repair of DNA double-strand breaks. Based on family studies, women heterozygous for mutations in the ATM gene are reported to have a fourfold to fivefold increased risk of breast canc...

journal_title：Breast cancer research : BCR

authors： Tamimi RM,Hankinson SE,Spiegelman D,Kraft P,Colditz GA,Hunter DJ

更新日期：2004-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Testosterone binds to the androgen receptor in target tissue to mediate its effects. Variations in testosterone levels and androgen receptor activity may play a role in the etiology of breast cancer. Here, we review the epidemiologic evidence linking endogenous testosterone to breast cancer risk. Paradoxically, result...

journal_title：Breast cancer research : BCR

authors： Lillie EO,Bernstein L,Ursin G

更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The protective effect of an early full-term pregnancy is a well established phenomenon; in contrast, the molecular and cell-specific mechanisms that govern parity-specific changes in the mammary gland have not been well described. Recent studies signify a dramatic advance in our understanding of this phenomenon, and i...

journal_title：Breast cancer research : BCR

authors： Ginger MR,Rosen JM

更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:Fragments of collagen type I containing the epitope AHDGGR (CTX) are generated during bone resorption. The aspartyl-glycine (DG) site within CTX is synthesised in the L-aspartyl peptide (alphaL) form, but converts to the age-modified forms L-isoaspartyl peptide (betaL) and D-aspartyl peptide (alphaD) over ti...

journal_title：Breast cancer research : BCR

authors： Cloos PA,Christgau S,Lyubimova N,Body JJ,Qvist P,Christiansen C

更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:Early life exposures, including diet, have been implicated in the etiology of breast cancer. METHODS:A nested case-control study was conducted among participants in the Nurses' Health Study who completed a 24-item questionnaire about diet during high school. There were 843 eligible cases diagnosed between o...

journal_title：Breast cancer research : BCR

authors： Frazier AL,Ryan CT,Rockett H,Willett WC,Colditz GA

更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Turnover of several regulatory proteins results from targeted destruction via ubiquitination and subsequent degradation through the proteosome. The timely and irreversible degradation of critical regulators is essential for normal cellular function. The precise biochemical mechanisms that are involved in protein turno...

journal_title：Breast cancer research : BCR

authors： Rossi S,Loda M

更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Two articles previously published in Breast Cancer Research illustrate the high rates of breast cancer in Marin County, a wealthy, urban county immediately northwest of the city of San Francisco. I herein comment on these articles, and on the political/psychological/scientific dilemma presented by regions with high ca...

journal_title：Breast cancer research : BCR

authors： Whittemore AS

更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:The relationship between breast cancer and thyroid diseases is controversial. Discrepant results have been reported in the literature. The incidences of autoimmune and nonautoimmune thyroid diseases were investigated in patients with breast cancer and age-matched control individuals without breast or thyroid...

journal_title：Breast cancer research : BCR

authors： Turken O,NarIn Y,DemIrbas S,Onde ME,Sayan O,KandemIr EG,YaylacI M,Ozturk A

更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Array-based comparative genomic hybridization, RNA expression profiling, and proteomic analyses are new molecular technologies used to study breast cancer. Invasive breast cancers were originally evaluated because they provided ample quantities of DNA, RNA, and protein. The application of these technologies to pre-inv...

journal_title：Breast cancer research : BCR

authors： Jeffrey SS,Pollack JR

更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:HER-2 (c-erbB2/Neu) predicts the prognosis of and may influence treatment responses in breast cancer. HER-2 activity induces the cytoplasmic location of p21WAFI/CIPI in cell culture, accompanied by resistance to apoptosis. p21WAFI/CIPI is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor activated by p53 to produce cell c...

journal_title：Breast cancer research : BCR

authors： Winters ZE,Leek RD,Bradburn MJ,Norbury CJ,Harris AL

更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Progesterone and estradiol, and their nuclear receptors, play essential roles in the physiology of the reproductive tract, the mammary gland and the nervous system. Estrogens have traditionally been considered associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. There is, however, compelling evidence that progesterone ...

journal_title：Breast cancer research : BCR

authors： Lanari C,Molinolo AA

更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A recent analysis by the Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer has provided the most precise quantification to date of the familial risks of breast cancer. The familial relative risks are shown to decrease from more than fivefold in women younger than age 40 years with a first-degree relative aged y...

journal_title：Breast cancer research : BCR

authors： Easton DF

更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:High-throughput screening is an essential component of the toolbox of modern technologies that improve speed and efficiency in contemporary cancer drug development. This is particularly important as we seek to exploit, for maximum therapeutic benefit, the large number of new molecular targets emerging from the Human G...

journal_title：Breast cancer research : BCR

authors： Aherne GW,McDonald E,Workman P

更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:The contribution of BRCA1 and BRCA2 to the incidence of male breast cancer (MBC) in the United Kingdom is not known, and the importance of these genes in the increased risk of female breast cancer associated with a family history of breast cancer in a male first-degree relative is unclear. METHODS:We have c...

journal_title：Breast cancer research : BCR

authors： Basham VM,Lipscombe JM,Ward JM,Gayther SA,Ponder BA,Easton DF,Pharoah PD

更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Improvements in the detection and treatment of breast cancer have dramatically altered its clinical course and outcome. However, prevention of breast cancer remains an elusive goal. Parity, age of menarche, and age at menopause are major risk factors drawing attention to the important role of the endocrine system in d...

journal_title：Breast cancer research : BCR

authors： Jerry DJ,Minter LM,Becker KA,Blackburn AC

更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:ErbB (also termed HER) receptors are expressed in various tissues of epithelial, mesenchymal and neuronal origin, in which they are involved in the control of diverse biological processes such as proliferation, differentiation, migration and apoptosis. Furthermore, their deregulated expression has been implicated in m...

journal_title：Breast cancer research : BCR

authors： Olayioye MA

更新日期：2001-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Breast cancer arises from multiple genetic events that together contribute to the established, irreversible malignant phenotype. The development of inducible tissue-specific transgenics has allowed a careful dissection of the events required for induction and subsequent maintenance of tumorigenesis. Mammary gland targ...

journal_title：Breast cancer research : BCR

authors： Hulit J,Di Vizio D,Pestell RG

更新日期：2001-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF), which is centrally involved in physiological oxygen homeostasis, is also activated in the majority of tumours. Activation of HIF can occur through genetic mechanisms or as a result of hypoxia within the tumour microenvironment. In some cases HIF activation appears to be intimately lin...

journal_title：Breast cancer research : BCR

authors： Pugh CW,Gleadle J,Maxwell PH

更新日期：2001-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Four trials of high-dose chemotherapy with stem cell support in breast cancer in the adjuvant and metastatic settings have shown no long-term disease-free or overall survival gain. This relative failure of a single high-dose therapy we believe opens up the development of a dose-dense approach with block scheduling as ...

journal_title：Breast cancer research : BCR

authors： Mayer A,Earl H

更新日期：2001-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:It is hypothesized that the human homologue of the mouse mammary tumour virus (HHMMTV) and other viruses, such as human papillomavirus (HPV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), act as cofactors with diet, oestrogens and other hormones in the initiation and promotion of some types of breast cancer in genetically susceptible ...

journal_title：Breast cancer research : BCR

authors： Lawson JS,Tran D,Rawlinson WD

更新日期：2001-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This cross-sectional investigation in Hawaii explored the relation between soy foods and mammographic characteristics using two food frequency questionnaires and a computer-assisted density assessment method. Japanese and Chinese women reported significantly greater soy food intake than Caucasian women. Whereas soy in...

journal_title：Breast cancer research : BCR

authors： Maskarinec G,Meng L

更新日期：2001-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A new gene associated with a high risk of breast cancer, termed BRCAX, may exist on chromosome 13q. Tumours from multicase Nordic breast cancer families, in which mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 had been excluded, were analyzed using comparative genomic hybridization in order to identify a region of interest, which was a...

journal_title：Breast cancer research : BCR

authors： Hopper JL

更新日期：2001-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:STATEMENT OF FINDINGS: We assessed the association between a glutamine repeat polymorphism in AIB1 and breast cancer risk in a case-control study (464 cases, 624 controls) nested within the Nurses' Health Study cohort. We observed no association between AIB1 genotype and breast cancer incidence, or specific tumor char...

journal_title：Breast cancer research : BCR

authors： Haiman CA,Hankinson SE,Spiegelman D,Colditz GA,Willett WC,Speizer FE,Brown M,Hunter DJ

更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Gene therapy is a therapeutic approach that is designed to correct specific molecular defects that contribute to the cause or progression of cancer. Genes that are mutated or deleted in cancers include the cancer susceptibility genes p53 and BRCA1. Because mutational inactivation of gene function is specific to tumor ...

journal_title：Breast cancer research : BCR

authors： Obermiller PS,Tait DL,Holt JT

更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) is a tumor suppressor, the function of which is compromised in many types of human cancer, including breast cancer. The tumor suppressive effects of TGF-beta are caused by potent inhibition of cell proliferation due to cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase. Such antiproliferative...

journal_title：Breast cancer research : BCR

authors： Kretzschmar M

更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The past decade has seen the definition of key signalling pathways downstream of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) in terms of their components and the protein-protein interactions that facilitate signal transduction. Given the strong evidence that links signalling by certain families of RTKs to the progression of brea...

journal_title：Breast cancer research : BCR

authors： Kairouz R,Daly RJ

更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The potential for a reduction in dietary fat or for an increase in dietary fiber to reduce breast cancer risk has been debated for some years. It is argued here that available research data, even though extensive, leave open hypotheses ranging from little or no potential to major public health potential for breast can...

journal_title：Breast cancer research : BCR

authors： Prentice RL

更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Women's perceptions of breast cancer risk are largely inaccurate and are often associated with high levels of anxiety about cancer. There are interesting cultural differences that are not well researched. Genetic risk counselling significantly improves accuracy of women's perceptions of risk, but not necessarily to th...

journal_title：Breast cancer research : BCR

authors： Hopwood P

更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A small proportion of breast cancers are due to a heritable predisposition. Recently, two predisposition genes, BRCA1 and BRCA2, have been identified and cloned. The morphological features of tumours from patients harbouring mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes differ from each other and from sporadic breast cancers...

journal_title：Breast cancer research : BCR

authors： Lakhani SR

更新日期：1999-01-01 00:00:00